Curricular Resources > 2021 Volume I > Unit 4 (21.01.04) > Section 14

The Social Struggles of Contemporary Black Art

CONTENTS OF CURRICULUM UNIT 21.01.04

Unit Guide

Blacks In Nature…Oxymoron or Paradox?

Cheryl A. Canino

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Notes

¹Koss, Melanie D., and Concetta A. Williams. “All American Boys, #BlackLivesMatter, and Socratic Seminar to Promote Productive Dialogue in the Classroom.” Illinois Reading Council Journal, vol. 46, no. 2, Spring 2018, p. 3. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,cpid&custid=csl&db=mfi&AN=127989038&site=eds-live&scope=site.

²Freire, Paulo, and Myra B. Ramos. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Seabury Press, 1970.

³Koss, Melanie D., and Concetta A. Williams. “All American Boys, #BlackLivesMatter, and Socratic Seminar to Promote Productive Dialogue in the Classroom.” Illinois Reading Council Journal, vol. 46, no. 2, Spring 2018, p. 3. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,cpid&custid=csl&db=mfi&AN=127989038&site=eds-live&scope=site.

⁴Sharma, Sue Ann, and Tanya Christ. “Five Steps Toward Successful Culturally Relevant Text Selection and Integration.” Reading Teacher, vol. 71, no. 3, Nov. 2017, pp. 295–307. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1002/trtr.1623.

⁵Kibler, Kristin, and Lindsey A. Chapman. “Six Tips for Using Culturally Relevant Texts in Diverse Classrooms.” Reading Teacher, vol. 72, no. 6, May 2019, pp. 741–744. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1002/trtr.1775.

⁶Ibid.

⁷ Kruse, Adam J. 2020. “‘He Didn’t Know What He Was Doin’’": Student Perspectives of a White Teacher’s Hip-Hop Class.’” International Journal of Music Education 38 (4): 495–512. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,cpid&custid=csl&db=eric&AN=EJ1275076&site=eds-live&scope=site.

⁸ Ibid. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,cpid&custid=csl&db=eric&AN=EJ1275076&site=eds-live&scope=site.

⁹ Ibid.

¹⁰ Williams, Toni Milton. “Do No Harm: Strategies for Culturally Relevant Caring in Middle Level Classrooms from the Community Experiences and Life Histories of Black Middle Level Teachers.” Research in Middle Level Education Online, vol. 41, no. 6, June 2018, pp. 1–13. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/19404476.2018.1460232.

¹¹ Hollie, Sharroky. “STEPS TO AUTHENTICITY: How Authentic Are Your Culturally Relevant Texts?” Literacy Today (2411-7862), vol. 36, no. 6, May 2019, p. 30. EBSCOhost,

¹² Locke, Leslie Ann, et al. “‘If You Show Who You Are, Then They Are Going to Try to Fix You’: The Capitals and Costs of Schooling for High-Achieving Latina Students.” Educational Studies, vol. 53, no. 1, Jan. 2017, pp. 13–36. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/00131946.2016.1261027.

¹³ Ibid.

¹⁴ Sosa, Teresa, and Catherine D. Bhathena. “How Students Use Their Cultural and Linguistic Knowledge to Transform Literacy Goals.” High School Journal, vol. 102, no. 3, Spring 2019, p. 210. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1353/hsj.2019.0007.

¹⁵ Delgado, Richard, Jean Stefancic, and Angela Harris. Critical Race Theory: An Introduction. New York: New York University Press., 2001; “Critical Race Theory.” 2015. ASHE Higher Education Report 41 (3): 1–15. doi:10.1002/aehe.20021.

¹⁶ Brayboy, Bryan. 2005. “Toward a Tribal Critical Race Theory in Education.” Urban Review 37 (5): 425–46. doi:10.1007/s11256-005-0018-y; “Critical Race as a Methodology.” 2015. ASHE Higher Education Report 41 (3): 34–56. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,cpid&custid=csl&db=aph&AN=102198115&site=eds-live&scope=site.

¹⁷ Brayboy, Bryan. 2005. “Toward a Tribal Critical Race Theory in Education.” Urban Review 37 (5): 425–46. doi:10.1007/s11256-005-0018-y.

¹⁸ Cooper Stein, Kristy, et al. “Examining Latina/o Students’ Experiences of Injustice: LatCrit Insights from a Texas High School.” Journal of Latinos & Education, vol. 17, no. 2, Apr. 2018, pp. 103–120. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/15348431.2017.1282367.

¹⁹ Ibid.

²⁰ Brayboy, Bryan. 2005. “Toward a Tribal Critical Race Theory in Education.” Urban Review 37 (5): 425–46. doi:10.1007/s11256-005-0018-y; “Critical Race as a Methodology.” 2015. ASHE Higher Education Report 41 (3): 34–56.

²¹ Brayboy, Bryan. 2005. “Toward a Tribal Critical Race Theory in Education.” Urban Review 37 (5): 425–46. doi:10.1007/s11256-005-0018-y.

²² See Bradboy and “Critical Race as a Methodology.”

²³ Hébert, Thomas P., and Brittany N. Anderson. “‘See Me, See Us’: Understanding the Intersections and Continued Marginalization of Adolescent Gifted Black Girls in U.S. Classrooms.” Gifted Child Today, vol. 43, no. 2, Apr. 2020, p. 86. EBSCOhost,

²⁴ Parks, Melissa M. 2020. “Explicating Ecoculture: Tracing a Transdisciplinary Focal Concept.” Nature & Culture 15 (1): 54–77. doi:10.3167/nc.2020.150104.

²⁵ Ibid.

²⁶ Ruffin, Kimberly N. Black on Earth: African American Ecoliterary Traditions, Athens: University of Georgia Press 2010. Accessed June 6, 2021.

²⁷ See Ruffin Black on Earth and Smith, Kimberly K. African American Environmental Thought: Foundations. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2019. muse.jhu.edu/book/64355.

²⁸ Ibid..

²⁹ Ruffin, Kimberly N. Black on Earth: African American Ecoliterary Traditions, Athens: University of Georgia Press 2010. Accessed June 6, 2021.

³⁰ Shockley, Evie. "BLACK NATURE / HUMAN NATURE." Callaloo 34, no. 3 (2011): 763-66. Accessed June 26, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41243165.

³¹ Ruffin, Kimberly N. Black on Earth: African American Ecoliterary Traditions, Athens: University of Georgia Press 2010: 25-55. Accessed June 6, 2021.

³² 25-55.

³³ Finney, C. (2014-06-01). Forty acres and a Mule. In Black Faces, White Spaces: Reimagining the Relationship of African Americans to the Great Outdoors. : University of North Carolina Press. Retrieved 2 Jun. 2021, from https://northcarolina-universitypressscholarship-com.yale.idm.oclc.org/view/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469614489.001.0001/upso-9781469614489-chapter-4; Deming, Alison, AND Lauret E. Savoy. The Colors of Nature Culture, Identity, and The Natural World. New York: Milkweed Editions, 2011..

³⁴ Finney, Carolyn. Black Faces, White Spaces. The University of North Carolina Press, 2014.

³⁵ Deming, Alison, and Lauret E. Savoy. The Colors of Nature Culture, Identity, and the Natural World. Milkweed Editions, 2011.

³⁶ Robbins, William G., and Foster, James C., eds. Land in the American West : Private Claims and the Common Good. 29. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2000. Accessed June 15, 2021. ProQuest Ebook Central.

³⁷ Boslaugh, S. E.. "Anthropocentrism." Encyclopedia Britannica, January 11, 2016. https://www.britannica.com/topic/anthropocentrism; Smith, Kimberly K. African American Environmental Thought: Foundations. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2019. muse.jhu.edu/book/64355; Ruffin, Kimberly N. Black on Earth: African American Ecoliterary Traditions, Athens: University of Georgia Press 2010: 25-55. Accessed June 6, 2021.

³⁸ Robbins, William G., and Foster, James C., eds. Land in the American West : Private Claims and the Common Good. 32. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2000. Accessed June 15, 2021. ProQuest Ebook Central.

³⁹ Ruffin, Kimberly N. Black on Earth: African American Ecoliterary Traditions, Athens: University of Georgia Press 2010: 25-55. Accessed June 6, 2021.

⁴⁰Parks, Melissa M. 2020. “Explicating Ecoculture: Tracing a Transdisciplinary Focal Concept.” Nature & Culture 15 (1): 54–77. doi:10.3167/nc.2020.150104.

⁴¹ Ruffin, Kimberly N. Black on Earth: African American Ecoliterary Traditions, Athens: University of Georgia Press 2010: 25-55. Accessed June 6, 2021; Finney, Carolyn. Black Faces, White Spaces. The University of North Carolina Press, 32-50 (2014); Claborn, John. Civil Rights and the Environment in African-American Literature, 1895-1941. India: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018.

⁴² Waldron, Ingrid R.G.. “There Is Something In The Water: Environmental Racism in Indigenous and Black Communities.” Black Point, Novia Scotia and Winnipeg, Manitoba: Fernwood Publishing.

⁴³ Ibid.

⁴⁴ Claborn, John. Civil Rights and the Environment in African-American Literature,

1895-1941. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018.

⁴⁵ Myers, Jeffrey. Converging Stories: Race, Ecology, and Environmental Justice in American Literature. The University of Georgia Press 2005.

⁴⁶ Burge, Daniel. 2016. “Manifest Mirth: The Humorous Critique of Manifest Destiny, 1846-1858.” Western Historical Quarterly 47 (3): 283–302. doi:10.1093/whq/whw087.

⁴⁷ Ibid.

⁴⁸ American Bar Association. Accessed July 4, 2021. https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/images/public_education/lesson_plans/middle_school/Environmentallawtimelineplan.doc

⁴⁹ Mark A. Lause. 2016. Free Spirits: Spiritualism, Republicanism, and Radicalism in the Civil War Era. [N.p.]: University of Illinois Press. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,cpid&custid=csl&db=e871sww&AN=1100876&site=eds-live&scope=site.

⁵⁰ American Bar Association. Accessed July 4, 2021. https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/images/public_education/lesson_plans/middle_school/Environmentallawtimelineplan.doc

⁵¹ Ibid.

⁵² Mark A. Lause. 2016. Free Spirits : Spiritualism, Republicanism, and Radicalism in the Civil War Era. [N.p.]: University of Illinois Press. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,cpid&custid=csl&db=e871sww&AN=1100876&site=eds-live&scope=site.

⁵³ The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom Legal Timeline. Accessed 7/4/2021. https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/credits.html

⁵⁴ Burch, Kerry. 2008. “‘Forty Acres and a Mule’ as a Pedagogical Motif.” Philosophical Studies in Education 39 (January): 118–30. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,cpid&custid=csl&db=eric&AN=EJ1072015&site=eds-live&scope=site.

⁵⁵ Powell, Kimberly. "A Timeline of US Public Land Acts." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/timeline-of-us-public-land-acts-1422108 (accessed July 2, 2021).

⁵⁶ “Part III: Chronology: An Environmental History Timeline.” 2002. Columbia Guide to American Environmental History, January, 249–67. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,cpid&custid=csl&db=khh&AN=31446635&site=eds-live&scope=site.

⁵⁷ Huang, Albert. 2012. “Environmental Justice and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act: A Critical Crossroads.” Trends (15339556) 43 (4): 6–7. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,cpid&custid=csl&db=mfi&AN=76114336&site=eds-live&scope=site.

⁵⁸ Molina, Natalia. Relational Formations of Race. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2019. https://doi-org.yale.idm.oclc.org/10.1525/9780520971301

⁵⁹ Ivry, Henry. 12/01/2020. "Unmitigated Blackness: Paul Beatty's Transscalar Critique." ELH 87 (4): 1133.

⁶⁰ Ruffin, Kimberly N. Black on Earth: African American Ecoliterary Traditions, Athens: University of Georgia Press 2010. Accessed June 6, 2021.

⁶¹ Finch, Robert, and John Elder, editors. The Norton Book of Nature Writing. W. W. Norton & Company, 1990; Finch, Robert, and John Elder, editors. 2002. The Norton Book of Nature Writing. W. W. Norton & Company; Turner, Frederick. 1989. Spirit of Place: The Making of An American Literary Landscape. Sierra Club Books; Fisher Fishkin, Shelley. 2015. Writing America: Literary Landmarks From Walden Pond to Wounded Knee. Rutgers University Press; Schama, Simon. 1995. Landscape and Memory. HarperCollins Publishers.

⁶² Ruffin, Kimberly N. Black on Earth: African American Ecoliterary Traditions, Athens: University of Georgia Press 2010. Accessed June 6, 2021; Dungy, Camille T. Black Nature: Four Centuries of African American Nature Poetry. University of Georgia Press, 2009; Myers, Jeffrey. Converging Stories: Race, Ecology, and Environmental Justice in American Literature. The University of Georgia Press 2005.

⁶³ Corse, Sarah M., and Monica D. Griffin. 1997. “Cultural Valorization and African American Literary History: Reconstructing the Canon.” Sociological Forum 12 (2): 173–203. doi:10.1023/A:1024645715453.

⁶⁴ Finch, Robert, and John Elder, editors. 1990The Norton Book of Nature Writing. W. W. Norton & Company; Finch, Robert, and John Elder, editors. 2002. The Norton Book of Nature Writing. W. W. Norton & Company; Turner, Frederick. 1989. Spirit of Place: The Making of An American Literary Landscape. Sierra Club Books; Fisher Fishkin, Shelley. 2015. Writing America: Literary Landmarks From Walden Pond to Wounded Knee. Rutgers University Press; Schama, Simon. 1995. Landscape and Memory. HarperCollins Publishers.

⁶⁵ Gates, Henry Louis, editor. 1990. Reading Black, Reading Feminist: A Critical Anthology. Meridian a Division of Penguin Group.

⁶⁶ Gates, Henry Louis, and Nellie Y. McKay, editors.1997. The Norton Anthology African American Literature. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc..

⁶⁷ Lewis, Samella. 2003. African American Art and Artists, Revised and Expanded Edition. University of California Press.

⁶⁸Warren, Kenneth W. 2011. “Historicizing African American Literature.” What Was African American Literature? Harvard University Press. pp. 1–43.

⁶⁹ Lewis, Samella. African American Art and Artists, Revised and Expanded Edition. University of California Press. 2003; Patton, Sharon F. African-American Art. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009.

⁷⁰ Lewis, Samella. African American Art and Artists, Revised and Expanded Edition. University of California Press. 2003.

⁷¹ Lewis, Samella. African American Art and Artists, Revised and Expanded Edition. University of California Press. 2003.

⁷² Visual Arts." In African American Almanac, by Lean'tin Bracks. Visible Ink Press, 2012. https://search-credoreference-com.yale.idm.oclc.org/content/entry/vipaaalm/visual_arts/0?institutionId=1032; Lewis, Samella. African American Art and Artists, Revised and Expanded Edition. University of California Press. 2003.

⁷³ Visual Arts." In African American Almanac, by Lean'tin Bracks. Visible Ink Press, 2012. https://search-credoreference-com.yale.idm.oclc.org/content/entry/vipaaalm/visual_arts/0?institutionId=1032

⁷⁴ Visual Arts." In African American Almanac, by Lean'tin Bracks. Visible Ink Press, 2012. https://search-credoreference-com.yale.idm.oclc.org/content/entry/vipaaalm/visual_arts/0?institutionId=1032

⁷⁵ Visual Arts." In African American Almanac, by Lean'tin Bracks. Visible Ink Press, 2012. https://search-credoreference-com.yale.idm.oclc.org/content/entry/vipaaalm/visual_arts/0?institutionId=1032

⁷⁶ Visual Arts." In African American Almanac, by Lean'tin Bracks. Visible Ink Press, 2012. https://search-credoreference-com.yale.idm.oclc.org/content/entry/vipaaalm/visual_arts/0?institutionId=1032; Collins, Lisa Gail, and Crawford, Margo Natalie, eds. New Thoughts on the Black Arts Movement. Piscataway: Rutgers University Press, 2006. Accessed June 23, 2021. ProQuest Ebook Central

⁷⁷ Collins, Lisa Gail, and Crawford, Margo Natalie, eds. New Thoughts on the Black Arts Movement. Piscataway: Rutgers University Press, 2006. Accessed June 23, 2021. ProQuest Ebook Central.

⁷⁸ Collins, Lisa Gail, and Crawford, Margo Natalie, eds. New Thoughts on the Black Arts Movement. Piscataway: Rutgers University Press, 2006. Accessed June 23, 2021. ProQuest Ebook Central.

⁷⁹Saggese, Jordana Moore, ed. JEAN-MICHEL BASQUIAT READER: Writings,

Interviews, and Critical. Oakland, California: UNIV OF CALIFORNIA PRESS, 2021.

⁸⁰ Visual Arts." In African American Almanac, by Lean'tin Bracks. Visible Ink Press, 2012. https://search-credoreference-com.yale.idm.oclc.org/content/entry/vipaaalm/visual_arts/0?institutionId=1032

⁸¹ Visual Arts." In African American Almanac, by Lean'tin Bracks. Visible Ink Press, 2012. https://search-credoreference-com.yale.idm.oclc.org/content/entry/vipaaalm/visual_arts/0?institutionId=1032

⁸² Lucey, Kate. 2018. “Celebrating African American Children’s Literature: An ‘Eye of the Beholder’ Workshop.” Children & Libraries: The Journal of the Association for Library Service to Children 16 (3): 7–9. doi:10.5860/cal.16.3.7.

⁸³ Lucey, Kate. 2018. “Celebrating African American Children’s Literature: An ‘Eye of the Beholder’ Workshop.” Children & Libraries: The Journal of the Association for Library Service to Children 16 (3): 7–9. doi:10.5860/cal.16.3.7.

⁸⁴ Verhoeven, Monique, et al. “The Role of School in Adolescents’ Identity Development. A Literature Review.” Educational Psychology Review, vol. 31, no. 1, Mar. 2019, p. 35. EBSCOhost, doi:10....1007/s10648-018-9457-3.

⁸⁵ Ibid.

⁸⁶ McCullough, Susan. “Girls, and Gender and Power Relationships in an Urban Middle School.” Gender & Education, vol. 29, no. 4, July 2017, pp. 495–507. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/09540253.2017.1318205.

⁸⁷ Ibid.

⁸⁸ Morrison, Scott A. 2018. “Reframing Westernized Culture: Insights from a Critical Friends Group on EcoJustice Education.” Environmental Education Research 24 (1): 111–28. doi:10.1080/13504622.2016.1223838.

⁸⁹ Morrison, Scott A. 2018. “Reframing Westernized Culture: Insights from a Critical Friends Group on EcoJustice Education.” Environmental Education Research 24 (1): 111–28. doi:10.1080/13504622.2016.1223838.

⁹⁰ Koss, Melanie D., and Concetta A. Williams. “All American Boys, #BlackLivesMatter, and Socratic Seminar to Promote Productive Dialogue in the Classroom.” Illinois Reading Council Journal, vol. 46, no. 2, Spring 2018, p. 3. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,cpid&custid=csl&db=mfi&AN=127989038&site=eds-live&scope=site.

⁹¹ Sosa, Teresa, and Catherine D. Bhathena. “How Students Use Their Cultural and Linguistic Knowledge to Transform Literacy Goals.” High School Journal, vol. 102, no. 3, Spring 2019, p. 210. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1353/hsj.2019.0007.

⁹² Ibid.

⁹³ Bono, De Edward. Six Thinking Hats. New York, NY: MICA Management Resources,

Inc./Back Bay Books/Little, Brown and Company, 1999.

⁹⁴ Britton, Crystal. 2018. African American Art: The Long Struggle. 25. Art Collections. Broomall, Pennsylvania: National Highlights Inc. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,cpid&custid=csl&db=e866sww&AN=1930287&site=eds-live&scope=site.

⁹⁵ Lewis, Samella. African American Art and Artists, Revised and Expanded Edition. 33. University of California Press. 2003.

⁹⁶ Lewis, Samella. African American Art and Artists, Revised and Expanded Edition. 26. University of California Press. 2003.

⁹⁷ Lewis, Samella. African American Art and Artists, Revised and Expanded Edition. 27. University of California Press. 2003.

⁹⁸ Lewis, Samella. African American Art and Artists, Revised and Expanded Edition. 36. University of California Press. 2003.

⁹⁹ Britton, Crystal. 2018. African American Art: The Long Struggle. Art Collections. Broomall, Pennsylvania: National Highlights Inc. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,cpid&custid=csl&db=e866sww&AN=1930287&site=eds-live&scope=site.

¹⁰⁰ Britton, Crystal. 2018. African American Art: The Long Struggle. 18. Art Collections. Broomall, Pennsylvania: National Highlights Inc. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,cpid&custid=csl&db=e866sww&AN=1930287&site=eds-live&scope=site.

¹⁰¹Harris, Eddy L. Mississippi Solo: A River Quest. New York: Henry Holt, 1998.

¹⁰² Eckstein, Barbara. 2015. “‘Paddle Your Own Canoe’: Eddy L. Harris’s Mississippi Solo and an Invitation to Communitas.” Southern Quarterly 52 (3): 137–49.

¹⁰³ Harris, Eddy L. Mississippi Solo: A River Quest. 154-156. New York: Henry Holt, 1998.

¹⁰⁴ Britton, Crystal. 2018. African American Art: The Long Struggle. 24. Art Collections. Broomall, Pennsylvania: National Highlights Inc. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,cpid&custid=csl&db=e866sww&AN=1930287&site=eds-live&scope=site.

¹⁰⁵ Lewis, Samella. African American Art and Artists, Revised and Expanded Edition. 30. University of California Press. 2003.

¹⁰⁶ English, Darby, Charlotte Barat, Glenn D. Lowry, and Mabel Wilson. Essay. In

Among Others: Blackness at MoMA, 442–45. New York: The Museum of Modern Art,

2019.

¹⁰⁷ “Ark of Bones” Echo Tree: the Collected Short Fiction of Henry Dumas, 9-22. by

Henry Dumas et al., Coffee House Press, 2003.

¹⁰⁸ Patton, Sharon F. African-American Art. 170. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009

¹⁰⁹ Lewis, Samella. African American Art and Artists, Revised and Expanded Edition. 175-177. University of California Press. 2003.

¹¹⁰ Lewis, Samella. African American Art and Artists, Revised and Expanded Edition. 175-177. University of California Press. 2003.

¹¹¹ Lewis, Samella. African American Art and Artists, Revised and Expanded Edition. 175-177. University of California Press. 2003.

¹¹²https://www.sfmoma.org/watch/rodney-mcmillian-on-home-and-history/

¹¹³ Wright, Richard, Ellen Wright, and Michel Fabre. Essay. In Richard Wright Reader,

246–47. Between the World and Me. New York, NY: Harper and Row, 1978.

¹¹⁴ Patton, Sharon F. African-American Art. 183-184. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009.

¹¹⁵ Patton, Sharon F. African-American Art. 196-197. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009.

¹¹⁶ Patton, Sharon F. African-American Art. 195. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009.

¹¹⁷ Patton, Sharon F. African-American Art. 202-203. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009.

¹¹⁸ Patton, Sharon F. African-American Art. 293-295. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009.

¹¹⁹ Rachel C. Kirby, “Unenslaved through Art: Rice Culture Paintings by Jonathan Green,” Panorama: Journal of the Association of Historians of American Art 6, no. 1 (Spring 2020), https://doi.org/10.24926/24716839.9889.

¹²⁰ Patton, Sharon F. African-American Art. 180. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009.

¹²¹ Black Futures, by Kimberly Drew and Mimi Onuoha. Oneworld

Publications, 2021.

¹²² Lewis, Samella. African American Art and Artists, Revised and Expanded Edition. 160-161. University of California Press. 2003.

¹²³ Finch, Robert, and John Elder, editors. 2002. The Norton Book of Nature Writing. 1062-1067. W. W. Norton & Company.

¹²⁴ Lowe, Mifflin and Wiliam, Luong. 2020. The True West: Real Stories About Black Cowboys, Women Sharpshooters, Native American Rodeo Stars, Pioneering Vaqueros, and the Unsung Explorers, Builders, and Heroes Who Shaped the American West. [United States]: Bushel & Peck Books.

¹²⁵ Leatherdale, Mary Beth and Lisa, Charleyboy, Dreaming in Indian: Contemporary Native American Voices. Toronto, Ontario: Annick Press Ltd, 2014.

¹²⁶ Black Futures, by Kimberly Drew and Mimi Onuoha. 440,444-445. Oneworld

Publications, 2021.

¹²⁷ Lewis, Samella. African American Art and Artists, Revised and Expanded Edition. 117-119. University of California Press. 2003.

¹²⁸ Lewis, Samella. African American Art and Artists, Revised and Expanded Edition. 118. University of California Press. 2003.

¹²⁹ Lewis, Samella. African American Art and Artists, Revised and Expanded Edition. 180-181. University of California Press. 2003.

¹³⁰ Lewis, Samella. African American Art and Artists, Revised and Expanded Edition. 160-161. University of California Press. 2003.

¹³¹ Black Futures, by Kimberly Drew and Mimi Onuoha. 456-461.

Oneworld Publications, 2021.

¹³² https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-chang-transcontinental-railroad-anniversary-chinese-workers-20190510-story.html

¹³³ “U.S. Inducts Chinese Railroad Workers into Labor Hall of Honor.” 2014. Chinese American Forum 30 (1): 34–36. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,cpid&custid=csl&db=mfi&AN=97506011&site=eds-live&scope=site.

¹³⁴ Thompson-Hernández Walter. The Compton Cowboys: the New Generation of

Cowboys in America's Urban Heartland. New York, NY William Morrow, an imprint of

HarperCollins Publishers, 2021.

¹³⁵ Neri, Greg and Jesse Joshua, Watson. 2011. Ghetto Cowboy. Somerville, Mass.: Candlewick Press.

¹³⁶ Baszile, Natalie. Chapter 19. New York, NY: Penguin Books, 2015.

¹³⁷ Toomer, Jean. Cane. 19-20. New York, NY: Liveright, 1923, 1951; reissued 1993,

2011.

¹³⁸ Twitty, Michael, 1977-, The Cooking Gene: A Journey Through African-American Culinary History in the Old South. 150-159. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers, 2017

¹³⁹ Martin, Jacqueline Briggs and Shabazz, Larkin, Farmer Will Allen and the Growing Table. Bellevue, Washington: Readers To Eaters, 2013.

¹⁴⁰ Barretta, Gene and Frank Morrison, The Secret Garden of George Washington Carver. New York, NY: Katherine Tegen Books, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers, 2020.

¹⁴¹ Milway, Katie Smith, 1960- and Sylvie. Daigneault, The Good Garden: How One Family Went From Hunger to Having Enough. Toronto, ON ; Tonawanda, NY: Kids Can Press, 2010.

¹⁴² DiSalvo, DyAnne, City Green. New York: Morrow Junior Books, 1994.

¹⁴³ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UfXiyJkVarI

¹⁴⁴ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cxbdwsy88V4

¹⁴⁵ Martin, Jacqueline Briggs and Shabazz, Larkin, Farmer Will Allen and the Growing Table. Bellevue, Washington: Readers To Eaters, 2013.

¹⁴⁶ Haygood, Wil. I Too Sing America. 30–34. New York, NY: Rizzoli International, 2018.

¹⁴⁷ Ibid.

¹⁴⁸ Ibid. 207-210.

149 Ibid.