As described above, random fractals can be used to describe many highly irregular real-world objects. Other applications of fractals include:
1.
|
Classification of histopathology slides in medicine
|
2.
|
Fractal landscape or Coastline complexity
|
3.
|
Enzyme/enzymology and Michaelis-Menten kinetics
|
4.
|
Generation of new music
|
5.
|
Generation of various art forms
|
6.
|
Signal and image compression
|
7.
|
Creation of digital photographic enlargements
|
8.
|
Seismology
|
9.
|
Fractal in soil mechanics
|
10.
|
Computer and video game design, especially computer graphics for organic
|
|
environments and as part of procedural generation
|
11.
|
Fractography and fracture mechanics
|
12.
|
Fractal antennas - Small size antennas using fractal shapes
|
13.
|
Small angle scattering theory of fractally rough systems
|
14.
|
T-shirts and other fashion
|
15.
|
Generation of patterns for camouflage, such as MARPAT
|
16.
|
Digital sundial
|
17.
|
Technical analysis of price series, as in the Elliott fractal principle
|
Consequently, this curriculum unit should increase preparation for assigned courses in the curricular areas of Math and Physics by exploring the predictors and mathematical probabilities of Evolutionary Medicine, and by discovering graph-associated and data-driven patterns and fractals of evolution that had been ignored by medicine, which focused instead upon proximate mechanical causes similar to the hard sciences. Promoted by a plethora of voices representing the medical industry, medicine has modeled itself after a mechanical physics, derived from Galileo, Newton, and Descartes. This model clearly mitigates medicine as mechanistic, materialistic, reductionistic, linear-causal, and deterministic or capable of precise conceptual predictions.
In numerical analysis, statistics, computational models, differential equations, and dynamical systems:
____
1.
|
Topology deals with the shape and geometry of complex structures. The basic double helical structure of DNA provides a good deal of information about the molecule, but it is not complete. The details of the structure and of the different forms of DNA provide information about the biological function of DNA. In addition, the structure and formation of proteins are far more complicated than those of DNA.
|
-
2.
|
Computer graphics make static and mobile images of DNA structures possible, which enables both researchers and laypersons better able to visualize and study the genome. [14]
|
Concurrently, the search reaches for understanding diseases, while explaining the symptoms, signs, and causes that manifest in single, materialistic, anatomical or structural changes within the body, such as in genes and their products, ostensibly necessary process directly or linearly, by infectious, toxic, or traumatic agents. In addition to the known results for picking geometric objects from points in or on the boundary of other geometric objects, this seminar will contribute to preparations for: Bertrand's Problem, Buffon-Laplace Needle Problem, Buffon's Needle Problem, Circle Inscribing, Computational Geometry, Integral Geometry, Point Picking, Stochastic Geometry, and Sylvester's Four-Point Problem.
images/2009/5/09.05.09.08.jpg
Fractals of bacteria colonies adopt the fractal formed appearances of trees and ferns. In the late 1980s, Fujikawa and Matsushita studied colonies of the bacteria Bacillus subtilis 168 (B 168), common in soil, under stressed conditions causing the colonies to adopt a fractal form. Experimental parameters include: the hardness of the agar on which the bacteria grow and the nutrient concentration. Friendly conditions, soft agar and abundant nutrients, result in compact growth with smooth boundaries. In more unfriendly conditions, the bacteria can grow in patterns on the left, resembling DLA clusters on the right. Diffusion-Limited Aggregation, or DLA, is an extraordinarily simple computer simulation of the formation of clusters by particles diffusing through a medium that jostles the particles as they move. Evolution in organisms and in fractals expands in the outward direction with self-representation. This accounts for both individual organisms as well as the populations they comprise. When geometric progressions regress and fractals collapse, shrinking populations are represented.
Important researchers in evolutionary medicine include: Randolph M. Nesse, George C. Williams, Paul W. Ewald, James McKenna, and Rainer H. Straub. George C. Williams was the first to apply evolutionary theory to health in the context of senescence. Also in the 1950s, John Bowlby approached the problem of disturbed child development from an evolutionary perspective upon attachment. An important theoretical development was Nikolaas Tinbergen's distinction made originally in ethology between evolutionary and proximate mechanisms.
Adaptations include:
1.
|
The evolution of pathogens in terms of their virulence, resistance to antibiotics, and subversion of an individual's immune system.
|
2.
|
The processes, constraints and trade-offs of human evolution.
|
3.
|
The evolved responses that enable individuals to protect, heal, and recuperate themselves from infections and injuries such as immunity, fever, and sickness behavior, and the processes that regulate their deployment to maximize fitness.
|
4.
|
How past adaptation of early humans to their ancestral environment now affects contemporary humans with their different diet, life expectancy, degree of physical exercise, and hygiene.
|
Key developments include the paper of Paul Ewald in 1980, "Evolutionary Biology and the Treatment of Signs and Symptoms of Infectious Disease," and that of Williams and Nesse in 1991, "The Dawn of Darwinian Medicine." The latter papers evolved into a book, Why We Get Sick, published as Evolution and healing in the United Kingdom. In 2008, an online journal started: Evolution and Medicine Review. While the two main mechanisms that produce evolution are natural selection and genetic drift, natural selection favors genes that improve the capacity for survival and reproduction, whereas genetic drift is random change in the frequency of alleles, caused by the random sampling of a generation's genes during reproduction. The significance of natural selection and genetic drift in populations vary depending upon the strength of the selection and the effective population size, which is the number of individuals capable of reproducing. [1]
Natural selection usually predominates in large populations however; genetic drift dominates in small populations. The dominance of genetic drift in small populations encourages deleterious effects or mutations. Alternatively, population bottlenecks, where the population shrinks temporarily and therefore loses genetic variation, result in a more uniform population. Consequently, changing population size can dramatically influence the course of evolution. In the 1930s, Darwinian natural selection was combined with Mendelian inheritance to form the modern evolutionary synthesis, which connected the units of evolution, or genes and the mechanism of evolution, or natural selection. This powerful explanatory and predictive theory directs research by constantly raising new questions, and it has become the central organizing principle of modern biology, providing a unifying explanation for the diversity of life on Earth.