Brain, C. K., “New Finds at the Swartkrans Australopithecine Site,”
Nature
,
225
, 1112 (March 21, 1979). A description of the Swartkrans cave and recent discoveries.
Broom, R., “A New Fossil Anthropoid Skull from South Africa,”
Nature
,
138
, 486 (September 19, 1936). Confirmation that Dart’s Taungs baby was not a freak.
_________, “The Pleistocene Anthropoid Apes of South Africa,”
Nature, 142
, 377 (August 27, 1938). The announcement of the
Paranthropus robustus
find (later
Australopithecus robustus
.
_________, “The ApeMen,”
Scientific American, 181
(5), 20 (November 1949). A personal account of Sterkfontein, Kromdraai, Swartkrans, and Makapansgat discoveries.
Ciochon, Russell L., “The Search for Fossil Man in Asia,”
The Explorer
,
18
(4), 7 (Winter 1976). A particularly interesting account because he correctly predicts the discovery of early apes in Burma.
Clark, W.E. LeGros,
The Fossil Evidence for Human Evolution: An Introduction to the Study of Paleoanthropology
, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, Third Edition, 1978. Updated by Bernard Campbell. An excellent survey of the subject with good drawings and particularly useful diagnoses of the various hominid species.
Dart, Raymond A., “
Australopithecus africanus
: The ManApe of South Africa,”
Nature
,
115
, 195 (February 7, 1925). The original paper announcing what has been described as the most important fossil find ever made.
__________, “Taungs and Its Significance,”
Natural History
,
26
(3), 315 (MayJune 1926). Dart’s defense of his Taungs baby skull as the precursor to modern man.
Edelson, Edward, “On the Emergence of Language,”
Mosaic, 10
(2), 2 (March/April 1979). Current views on one of the most significant of human features.
Gould, Stephen Jay, Sizing Up Human Intelligence,
Natural History
,
83
(2), 10 (February 1974).
___________. “Evolution and the Brain,”
Natural History
,
84
(1) 24
(January 1975).
____________, “The Child as Man’s Real Father,”
Natural History,
84
(5), 18 (May 1975).
_____________, “Man and Other Animals,”
Natural History
,
84
(7), 24 (AugustSeptember 1975).
______________, “Posture Maketh the Man.”
Natural History
, 84 (9), 38 (November 1975).
______________, “Ladders, Bushes, and Human Evolution,”
Natural History
,
85
(4), 24 (April 1976).
______________, “Our Greatest Evolutionary Step,”
Natural History
,
88
(6), 40 (JuneJuly 1979). This article and the preceding ones are from Gould’s excellent column “This View of Life.” Interesting perspectives on the basic principles of evolution from a self avowed Darwinian evolutionist.
Holloway, Ralph L., “Australopithecine Endocast (Taung Specimen, 1924): A New Volume Determination,”
Science
,
168
(3934), 966 (May 22, 1970). Evaluation of new measurements by the man who pioneered the endocast technique.
____________, “The Casts of Fossil Hominid Brains,”
Scientific American,
231
(1), 106 (July 1974). Studies that suggest that humanlike brains existed 3 million years ago.
Howells, William W., “
Homo erectus,
”
Scientific American
,
215
(5), 46 (November 1966). A somewhat dated account of the immediate ancestor of Homo sapiens. Interesting discussion of the process by which fossils are named.
Johanson, D. C., and Taieb, M., “PlioPleistocene Hominid Discoveries in Hadar, Ethiopia,”
Nature
,
260
, 293 (March 25, 1976). A description of the Hadar site in Afar, Ethiopia and of “Lucy,” the 40% complete skeleton.
____________, and White, T. D., “A Systematic Assessment of Early African Hominids,”
Science
,
203
(4378), 321 (January 26, 1979), Announcing the newly recognized
Australopithecus afarensis
of Hadar and Laetoli. One of the best recent overviews of hominid evolution,
Leakey, L. S. B., “A New Fossil Skull from Olduvai,”
Nature
,
184
, 491 (August 15, 1959). Announcement of the famous “Zinjanthropus” find (
Australopithecus boisei
).
____________, “Recent Discoveries at Olduvai Gorge,”
Nature
,
188
, 1050 (December 17, 1960).
Homo habilis
foot bones.
____________, “New Finds at Olduvai Gorge,”
Nature
,
189
, 649 (February 25, 1961). The
Homo habilis
type mandible.
____________, and Leakey, M.D., “Recent Discoveries of Fossil Hominids in Tanganyika: At Olduvai and Near Lake Natron,”
Nature
,
202
, 5 (April 4, 1964), A new skull find.
______________, Tobias, P. V., and Napier, J, R., “A New Species of the Genus Homo from Olduvai Gorge,”
ibid
., 7. The naming of a new species,
Homo habilis
(handy man),
______________,
Homo habilis,
Homo erectus
, and the Australopithecines, “
Nature
,
209
, 1279 (March 26, 1966). A discussion of the mandibles of
Homo
and australopithecines.
_____________, “Olduvai Gorge,”
Scientific American
,
190
(1), 66 (January 1954). A description of the geology and the fossil fauna of the famous gorge. Stone tools are described.
Leakey, M. D., Hay, R. L., Curtis, G. H., Drake, R. E., Jackes, M. K., and White, T. D., “Fossil Hominids from the Laetoli Beds,”
Nature
,
262
, 460 (August 5, 1976). Description of the oldest known hominids, including the type specimen for
Australopithecus afarensis
, L.H.4.
______________, and Hay, R. L., “Pliocene Footprints in the Laetolil Beds at Laetoli, Northern Tanzania,”
Nature. 278
. 317 (March 22, 1979). Discovery of the footprints that prove hominids were bipedal three million years ago.
Leakey, R. E. F., “New Hominid Remains and Early Artifacts from Northern Kenya,”
Nature, 226
, 223 (April 18, 1970).
Australopithecus boisei
(FS158, and later ER406) from Koobi Fora.
______________, “Further Evidence of Lower Pleistocene Hominids from East Rudolph, North Kenya,”
Nature
,
231
, 241 (May 28, 1971). Important new finds that strengthen Louis Leakey’s suggestion that two australopithecines were living side by side.
_____________,”Further Evidence of Lower Pleistocene Hominids from East Rudolph, North Kenya, 1971,”
Nature,
237
, 264 (June 2, 1972).
_____________, “Further Evidence of Lower Pleistocene Hominids from East Rudolph, North Kenya, 1972,”
Nature
,
242
, 170 (March 16, 1973). Recognition that hominid evolution in East Africa is very complex.
_____________, “Evidence for an Advanced PlioPleistocene Hominid from East Rudolph, Kenya,”
Nature
,
242
, 447 (April 13, 1973). The find of the 1970s, KNM ER1470 (
Homo habilis)
.
_____________, “Further Evidence of Lower Pleistocene Hominids from East Rudolph, North Kenya, 1973,”
Nature
,
248,
653 (April 19, 1974). Three lineages of hominids may have coexisted. Exhaustive studies of all the evidence are called for.
_____________, “Hominids in Africa,”
American Scientist
,
64
, 174 (March/April 1976). A short, interesting summary of the subject. Comparison of gracile and robust australopithecines and
Homo
.
_____________, and Walker, Alan C., “
Australopithecus
,
Homo erectus
, and the Single Species Hypothesis,”
Nature
,
261
, 572 (June 17, 1976). Leakey again calls for more complex models.
_____________, “New Hominid Fossils from the Koobi Fora Formation in Northern Kenya,”
ibid
., 574.
_____________, and Lewin, Roger,
Origins: What New Discoveries Reveal About the Emergence of Our Species and Its Possible Future
. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1977. An excellent book. Chapter 2 has good historical information. Chapters 4 and 5 are very useful for this study.
_____________, and Lewin, Roger,
People of the Lake: Mankind and its Beginnings
. Garden City, New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1978. In depth evaluation of Koobi Fora fossils. Provocative interpretations of intelligence, social behavior, language, and sex roles.
Leff, David, “Biology, Behavior and Environment in Human Evolution,”
Mosaic
,
10
(2), 2 (March/April 1979). The lead article in an outstanding current issue on human origins.
Lewis, G. Edward,” Preliminary Notice of New ManLike Apes from India,”
American Journal of Science
,
527
(227), 161 (March 1934). The Yale graduate student’s technical description of
Ramapithecus
.
National Science Foundation, “Shifting Perspectives on Early Man,”
Mosaic
,
9
(1), 22 (January/February 1978). A discussion of the new perspectives modern studies are bringing to the understanding of human origins.
Patrusky, Ben, “Molecular Evolution: A Quantifiable Contribution,”
Mosaic
,
10
(2), 12 (March/April 1979), Studies of evolution that new models must take into account,
Pfeiffer, John, “Cultural Evolution,”
ibid
., 30.
Pilbeam, D. R., and Simons, E. L., “Some Problems of Hominid Classification,”
American Scientist
,
53
, 237 (June 1965). A broad overview from the mid1960s. Origin and diversification of the hominids.
______________,
The Ascent of Man: An Introduction to Human Evolution
. The Macmillan Series in Physical Anthropology. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1972. Seven years old but still an outstanding book on human evolution. Treats South and East African hominids and
Homo
separately and in detail.
______________, “Rethinking Human Origins,”
Discovery
,
13
(1), 2 (1978). An interesting insight to the “changing perspectives” of an anthropologist. Presentation of a more complex model of human evolution.
Robinson, J. T., “
Homo
‘
habilis
’ and the Australopithecines,”
Nature
,
205
, 121 (January 9, 1965).
___________, Clarke, R. J., Howell, F. Clark, and Brain, C, K., “New Finds at the Swartkrans Australopithecine Site (cont’d).”
Nature
,
225
, 1217 (March 28, 1970). Photographs and discussion of Sts 5 and SK46 skulls, along with new finds,
Shapiro, Harry L., “The Strange, Unfinished Saga of Peking Man,”
Natural
H
istory
,
80
(9), 8 (November 1971), Fascinating account of the mysterious disappearance of the Peking Man fossils.
Simons, Elwyn L., “The Phyletic Position of
Ramapithecus
,”
Postilla
(Peabody Museum), No. 57, 1 (November 30, 1961). The case for considering
Ramapithecus
the first hominid, with discussion of the No. 13799 mandible.
___________, “Some Fallacies in the Study of Hominid Phylogeny,”
Science
,
141
(3584), 879 (September 6, 1963). Perceptive comments on taxonomic practices, speciation, species range, and the “Garden of Eden” concept.
___________, “On the Mandible of
Ramapithecus
,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science,
51
(3), 528 (March 15, 1964). Reassignment of known fossils to
Ramapithecus
.
___________,
Primate Evolution: An Introduction to Man’s Place in Nature
. The Macmillan Series in Physical Anthropology. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1972. An indepth description of the fossil evidence for primate evolution. Partner to the Pilbeam book.
___________, “
Ramapithecus
,”
Scientific American
, 236 (5), 28 (May 1977). Further statement of the claim that this is the earliest known hominid.
Simpson, George Gaylord, “The Biological Nature of Man,”
Science,
152
(3721), 472 (April 22, 1966).
Taieb, M., Johanson, D, C., Coppens, Y., and Aronson, J, L., “Geological and Palaeontological Background of Hadar Hominid Site, Afar, Ethiopia,”
Nature
,
260
, 289 (March 25, 1976). Geology of the Hadar formation.
Tobias, P. V., “The Olduvai Bed I Hominid With Special Reference to its Cranial Capacity,”
Nature
,
202
, 3 (April 4, 1964). Study of the
Homo habilis
cranium.
____________, “The Taung Skull Revisited,”
Natural History
,
83
(10), 38 (December 1974). A reassessment of Dart’s find.
Walker, Alan, and Leakey, Richard E. F., “The Hominids of East Turkana,”
Scientific American
,
239
(2), 54 (August 1978). One of the most recent analyses of hominid evolution.
___________, Hoeck, Hendrick N,, and Perez, Linda, “Microwear of Mammalian Teeth as an Indicator of Diet,”
Science
,
201
(4359), 908 (September 8, 1978), Good description of this new technique for determining dietary habits of early hominids. Emphasis here is on application to living species.
Waterfall, Wallace, “Form and Function: The Anatomists’ View,”
Mosaic
,
10
(2), 23 (March/April 1979). Multivariate analysis of bones, australopithecine locomotion, and tooth wear.
Zihlman, Adrienne L., and Lowenstein, Jerold M., “False Start of the Human Parade,” Natural History, 88 (7), 86 (AugustSeptember 1979). A critical and not particularly objective analysis of the hominid status formerly assigned to
Ramapithecus
.