1 In this context, integration should be understood to be the enjoyment by Blacks of the social, political and economic rights enjoyed by Whites. This should not necessitate, as would assimilation, the blending of the ethnic groups to form only one group”Americans.”
2 Gus J. Liebenow, Liberia: The Evolution of Privilege. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1969). pp. 11-14.
3 Edwin Redkey, Black Exodus. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1969), pp. 18-21. It is worth noting here that may emigrationists, including Marcus Garvey, often times referred to Africa as a country instead of a continent. Consequently, many thought that they entire continent could and would be uplifted through evangelization of one region or area. Mistaking Africa for a “country” may have led many to underestimate the massive task that awaited them.
4 Adelaide Hill and Martin Kilson, Apropos of Africa: Sentiments of Negro American Leaders on Africa from the 1800’s to 1950. (London: Cass Publishers, 1969). p. 10.
5 Phillip Foner, History of Black America: Major Speeches by Negroes in the United States, 1797-1973. (New York: Capricorn Books, 1972). pp. 580-584.
6 Winthrop Jordan, White Over Black. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986), p. 546.
7 William Penden (ed.) Thomas Jefferson: Notes on the States of Virginia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1955), p. 138.
8 Alfred Eisner and Eli Ginzberg, The Troublesome Presence, (New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1964), pp.75-77.
9 Jordan, White Over Black. p. 546.
10 Ira Berlin, Slaves Without Masters, (New York: Pantheon Books, 1975) pp. 198-200.
11 Early Fox, The American Colonization Society, (Baltimore: John Hopkins Press, 1871), p. 9
12 Gilbert Osofsky, The Burden of Race, (New York: Harper and Row, 1967), p.57.
13 Fox, The American Colonization Society. p 55.
14 Jane H. Pease and William Pease, They Who Would Be Free: Blacks’ Search for Freedom. 1830-1861, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), pp. 21-25
15 Quoted in Redkey, Black Exodus, p. 32.
16 Lerrone Bennett Jr., Before the Mayflower (New York: Penguin Books, 1984) p. 144.
17 Wilson Jeremiah Moses, The Golden Age of Black Nationalism, 1850-1925, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978). p. 32.
18 Robert Weisbord, Ebony Kinship (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1973), pp. 25-27. p. 19.
19 William Jeremiah Moses, The Golden Age of Black Nationalism, 1850-1925 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978) p.19
20 Ibid. 9.
21 Pease and Pease, They Who Would Be Free. p. 37.
22 Fred Landon, “The Negro Migration to Canada After the Passing of the Fugitive Slave Act”, Journal of Negro History, Vol. V, No. 4 (January, 1920), Pp. 1-13.
23 Redkey, Ebony Kinship pp. 19-26
24 Moses, The Golden Age of Black Nationalism. pp. 29-35
25 Pease and Pease, They Who Would Be Free. pp. 244-265
26 Quoted in Ibid. p. 245.
27 Howard Brotz, (ed.) Negro Social and Political Thought, 1850-1920. (New York: Basic Books, 1996), pp. 1-36.
28 Ibid. p. 47-49.
29 Quoted in Ibid. p. 55.
30 Weisbord, Ebony Kinship, pp. 22-25.
31 August Meier, Negro Thought in America, 1880-1915 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1966) p. 63.