"3A: CO2 - It's a Gas!" Climate and the Carbon Cycle. May 14, 2021. Accessed June 02, 2021. https://serc.carleton.edu/eslabs/carbon/3a.html.
Archer, David. Global Warming: Understanding the Forecast. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2012.
"Carbon Dioxide Absorbs and Re-emits Infrared Radiation." Carbon Dioxide Absorbs and Re-emits Infrared Radiation | UCAR Center for Science Education. 2012. Accessed June 02, 2021. https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/how-climate-works/carbon-dioxide-absorbs-and-re-emits-infrared-radiation
"Carbon Dioxide - Sources and Sinks." Classroom Activity: Carbon Dioxide - Sources and Sinks - Windows to the Universe. Accessed June 29, 2021. https://www.windows2universe.org/teacher_resources/teach_CO2.html.
Ceven, Jennifer. The Carbon Cycle Game. PDF. https://climatechangelive.org/img/fck/file/carbon_cycle_game.pdf
This game allows students to simulate the carbon cycle by moving through the carbon reservoirs.
Chandler, David L. "Explained: Radiative Forcing." MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Accessed June 03, 2021. https://news.mit.edu/2010/explained-radforce-0309.
This article explains how radiative forcing is related to the anthropogenic greenhouse effect.
"Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: NOAA Climate.gov." Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide | NOAA Climate.gov. August 14, 2020. Accessed June 03, 2021. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide.
This site has a graph that shows the carbon dioxide levels over the last 800,000 years.
"Climate Change Indicators: Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions." EPA. April 03, 2021. Accessed June 01,
2021.https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-global-greenhouse-gas-emissions.
This website describes global greenhouse gas emissions over the last 25 years, including graphs showing the emissions by year and type of greenhouse gas.
"Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet." NASA. May 27, 2021. Accessed April & May 2021. https://climate.nasa.gov/.
"Coal Formation." Miners. Accessed May 23, 2021. http://www.minersmuseum.com/history-of-mining/coal-formation/.
This site addresses how coal is formed over millions of years.
"Explainer: How Scientists Estimate Climate Sensitivity." Carbon Brief. October 05, 2020. Accessed July 02, 2021. https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-how-scientists-estimate-climate-sensitivity.
I used this site to learn about different climate sensitivity models, and how each of the models provides a different estimate as to how much the temperature will increase.
Friedlingstein, Pierre. "Human Induced Changes on the Global Carbon Cycle over the Last 60 Years." 2020. doi:10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-4822.
"Geology and Climate." American Chemical Society. Accessed May 19, 2021. https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/oceansicerocks/geologyandclimate.html.
This site describes the process of weathering and its role in the carbon cycle. It includes a helpful diagram that shows how carbon flows from the land to the ocean
"Heat Values of Various Fuels." World Nuclear Association. Accessed May 23, 2021. https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/facts-and-figures/heat-values-of-various- fuels.aspx.
This site contains a table that includes the heat values of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), which can be used to calculate the amount of energy produced from the combustion of each type of fuel.
"How the Oceans Absorb Carbon Dioxide Is Critical for Predicting Climate Change." Ocean Carbon Uptake. Accessed May 02, 2021. https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean Carbon Uptake.
I used this site to learn about the carbon cycle in the ocean. The diagram is particularly useful for visualizing how carbon moves through different forms in the ocean.
"How Does Using Energy Create Carbon Emissions?" 360 Energy. October 19, 2020. Accessed May 23, 2021. https://360energy.net/how-does-using-energy-create-carbon-emissions/ .
This site contains information about the stoichiometry of a combustion reaction and how to determine the amount of carbon dioxide produced from a combustion reaction.
IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland.
The IPCC report provided information on the current measure of radiative forcing.
Johnson, Charles. Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors for Coal. Accessed May 18, 2021. https://www.eia.gov/coal/production/quarterly/co2_article/co2.html.
I used this site to determine how much carbon dioxide is emitted from the combustion of coal.
"Ocean - Atmospheric Exchange." Ocean - Atmospheric Exchange | EARTH 103: Earth in the Future. Accessed May 23, 2021. https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth103/node/676.
This site discusses the air-water exchange of carbon dioxide.
Ocean Carbon Uptake. Accessed July 02, 2021. https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean Carbon Uptake.
"Oil Formation." Oil Formation - Energy Education. Accessed May 23, 2021. https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Oil_formation.
This site describes how oil is formed over time.
Sarmiento, Jorge L., and Nicolas Gruber. "Sinks for Anthropogenic Carbon." Physics Today 55, no. 8 (2002): 30-36. doi:10.1063/1.1510279.
"The Carbon Cycle." NASA. Accessed April & May 2021. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/CarbonCycle.
This site is an excellent resource to learn about the basics of the carbon cycle. It includes many visuals to help represent what happens to the carbon throughout the cycle.
"The Earth's Radiation Budget." NASA. Accessed June 02, 2021. https://science.nasa.gov/ems/13_radiationbudget.
"What a Three-million Year Fossil Record Tells Us about Climate Sensitivity." Carbon Brief. February 04, 2016. Accessed June 01, 2021. https://www.carbonbrief.org/what-a-three-million-year-fossil-record-tells-us-about-climate-sensitivity.
This site describes the different methods of estimating climate sensitivity and investigates the estimates made by different models