(16. The U.S. Human Genome Project)
1983 LANL and LLNL begin production of DNA clone (cosmid) libraries representing single chromosomes.
1984 DOE OHER and ICPEMC cosponsor Alta, Utah, conference highlighting the growing role of recombinant DNA technologies. OTA incorporates Alta proceedings into report acknowledging value of human genome reference sequence.
1985 Robert Sinsheimer holds meeting on human genome sequencing at University of California, Santa Cruz. At OHER, Charles DeLisi and David A. Smith commission the first Santa Fe conference to assess the feasibility of a Human Genome Initiative.
1986 Following the Santa Fe conference, DOE OHER announces Human Genome Initiative. With $5.3 million, pilot projects begin at DOE national laboratories to develop critical resources and technologies.
1987 Congressionally chartered DOE advisory committee, HERAC, recommends a 15-year, multidisciplinary, scientific, and technological undertaking to map and sequence the human genome. DOE designates multidisciplinary human genome centers. NIH NIGMS begins funding of genome projects
1988 Reports by congressional OTA and NAS NRC committees recommend concerted genome research program. HUGO founded by scientists to coordinate efforts internationally. First annual Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory meeting on human genome mapping and sequencing. DOE and NIH sign MOU outlining plans for cooperation on genome research. Telomere (chromosome end) sequence having implications for aging and cancer research is identified at LANL.
1989 DNA STSs recommended to correlate diverse types of DNA clones.
DOE and NIH establish Joint ELSI Working Group.
1990 DOE and NIH present joint 5-year U.S. HGP plan to Congress. The 15-year project formally begins. Projects begun to mark gene sites on chromosome maps as sites of mRNA expression. Research and development begun for efficient production of more stable, large-insert BACs
1991 Human chromosome mapping data repository, GDB, established.
1992 Low-resolution genetic linkage map of entire human genome published.
Guidelines for data release and resource sharing announced by DOE and NIH.
1993 International IMAGE Consortium established to coordinate efficient mapping and sequencing of gene-representing cDNAs. The Scientist 13[4]:17, Feb. 15, 1999 Hot Papers In Genomics: G. Lennon, C. Auffray, M. Polymeropoulos, M.B. Soares,
The I.M.A.G.E. Consortium: An Integrated Molecular Analysis of Genomes and Their Expression
, Genomics, 33:1512, 1996. (Cited in more than 290 papers since publication) DOE-NIH ELSI Working Group's Task Force on Genetic and Insurance Information releases recommendations. DOE and NIH revise 5- year goals [Science 262, 43-46 (Oct. 1, 1993)]. French Généthon provides mega -YACs to the genome community. IOM releases U.S. HGP-funded report,
Assessing Genetic Risks
. LBNL implements novel transposon-mediated chromosome-sequencing system. GRAIL sequence-interpretation service provides Internet access at ORNL.
1994 Genetic-mapping 5-year goal achieved 1 year ahead of schedule.
Completion of second-generation DNA clone libraries representing each human chromosome by LLNL and LBNL. Genetic Privacy Act, first U.S. HGP legislative product, proposed to regulate collection, analysis, storage, and use of DNA samples and genetic information obtained from them; endorsed by ELSI Working Group. DOE MGP launched; spin-off of HGP. LLNL chromosome paints commercialized. SBH technologies from ANL commercialized. DOE HGP Information Web site activated for public and researchers.
1995 LANL and LLNL announce high-resolution physical maps of chromosome 16 and chromosome 19, respectively. Moderate-resolution maps of chromosomes 3, 11, 12, and 22 maps published. Physical map with over 15,000 STS markers published. First (nonviral) whole genome sequenced (for the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae). Sequence of smallest bacterium, Mycoplasma genitalium, completed; provides a model of the minimum number of genes needed for independent existence. EEOC guidelines extend ADA employment protection to cover discrimination based on genetic information related to illness, disease, or other conditions.
1996 Methanococcus jannaschii genome sequenced; confirms existence of third major branch of life on earth. DOE initiates 6 pilot projects on BAC end sequencing Health Care Portability.and Accountability Act prohibits use of genetic information in certain health insurance eligibility decisions, requires DHHS to enforce health-information privacy provisions. HGP Participants Agreen on Sequencing Data Release Policies Bermuda Conference I DOE and NCHGR issue guidelines on use of human subjects for large-scale sequencing projects. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) genome sequence completed by international consortium. Sequence of the human T-cell receptor region completed. Wellcome Trust sponsors large-scale sequencing strategy meeting for international coordination of human genome sequencing.
1997 NIH NCHGR becomes National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI).
Escherichia coli genome sequence completed. Second large-scale sequencing strategy meeting held in Bermuda. (see also summary) High-resolution physical maps of chromosomes X and 7 completed. DOE-NIH Task Force on Genetic Testing releases final report and recommendations. DOE forms Joint Genome Institute for implementing high-throughput activities at DOE human genome centers, initially in sequencing and functional genomics. UNESCO adopts Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights
1998 Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, to continue GDB data collection, curation. Caenorhabditis elegans genome sequence completed. DOE and NIH reveal new five-year plan for HGP, predict project completion by 2003. JGI exceeds sequencing goal, achieves 20 Mb for FY 1998. GeneMap'98 containing 30,000 markers released.
Incyte Pharmaceuticals announces plans to sequence human genome in 2 years.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium sequenced. Celera Genomics formed to sequence much of human genome in 3 years using HGP-generated resources. DOE funds production BAC end sequencing projects Largest-ever ELSI meeting attended by over 800 from diverse disciplines and sponsored by DOE; Whitehead Institute; and the American Society of Law, Medicine, and Ethics. Human Genome Project passes midpoint.
1999 First Human Chromosome Completely Sequenced! On December 1, researchers in the Human Genome Project announced the complete sequencing of the DNA making up human chromosome 22. Joint Genome Institute sequencing facility opens in Walnut Creek, CA. Major Drug Firms Create Public SNP Consortium
The Billion Base Pair Celebration November 23, 1999. Bruce Alberts, President, National Academy of Sciences and early planner of the Genome Project; Francis Collins, Director, NHGRI; Secretary of HHS, Donna Shalala; Secretary of DOE, Bill Richardson. (Total Running Time: 01:09:45; Bandwidth: 146 Kbps)
HGP advances goal for obtaining a draft sequence of the entire human genome from 2001 to 2000.
2000 HGP leaders and President Clinton announce the completion of a "working draft"
DNA sequence of the human genome. White House Press Conference: The Human Genome Project, June 26, 2000 (Total Running Time: 00:41:23; Bandwidth: 33 Kbps)
Press briefing and remarks An Interview with Ari Patrinos, Director U.S. DOE Human Genome Program Part One: Reaction to President Clinton's Announcement of the Completion of a Draft Sequence of the Human Genome Part Two: Origins of the Human Genome Project, NIH Collaboration, and the Private Sector Role Part Three: Application of Genome Discoveries, Next Steps in the Human Genome Project, and Ethical Considerations International research consortium publishes chromosome 21 genome, the smallest human chromosome and the fifth to be completed. DOE researchers announce completion of chromosomes 5, 16, and 19 draft sequence. International collaborators publish genome of fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, the largest organism sequenced to date. President Clinton signs executive order prohibiting federal departments and agencies from using genetic information in hiring or promoting workers.
Acronyms (17. The U.S. Human Genome Project)
ADA - Americans with Disabilities Act
ANL - Argonne National Laboratory, a Department of Energy Laboratory
BAC - bacterial artificial chromosome
cDNA - complementary deoxyribonucleic acid
DHHS - Department of Health and Human Services at National Institutes of Health (NIH)
DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid
DOE - Department of Energy
EEOC - Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
ELSI - ethical, legal, and social issues
FY - federal fiscal year (October 1 to September 30)
GDB - Genome Database
GRAIL - Gene Recognition and Analysis Internet Link
HERAC - Health and Environmental Research Advisory Committee
HGI - Human Genome Initiative
HGP - Human Genome Project, Human Genome Program
HUGO - Human Genome Organization
ICPEMC - International Commission for Protection Against Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
IMAGE - Integrated Molecular Analysis of Gene Expression
IOM - Institute of Medicine
JGI - the Department of Energy's Joint Genome Institute in Walnut Creek, California. The JGI houses the DOE's production sequencing facility.
LANL - Los Alamos National Laboratory, a Department of Energy Laboratory
LBNL - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, a Department of Energy Laboratory
LLNL - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, a Department of Energy Laboratory
MGP - Microbial Genome Project
MOU - memorandum of understanding
mRNA - messenger ribonucleic acid
NAS - National Academy of Sciences
NCHGR - National Center for Human Genome Research at National Institutes of Health (NIH)
NHGRI - National Human Genome Research Institute at National Institutes of Health (NIH)
NIGMS - National Institute of General Medical Sciences at National Institutes of Health (NIH)
NIH - National Institutes of Health
NRC - National Research Council
OBER - Office of Biological and Environmental Research, U.S. Department of Energy (formerly Office of Health and Environmental Research)
OHER - Office of Health and Environmental Research, U.S. Department of Energy (now Office of Biological and Environmental Research)
ORNL - Oak Ridge National Laboratory, a Department of Energy Laboratory
OTA - Office of Technology Assessment
R&D - research and development
SBH - Sequencing by hybridization
STS - sequence tagged site
UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
YAC - yeast artificial chromosome
